Economics for fundamental analysis

For fundamental analysis on Forex, just as on any goods market, traders use the information from analytical reviews of specialists published in newspapers as well as charts and tables of many numerical indicators serving this purpose. All fundamental indicators are generally released on a monthly basis, except for the Gross Domestic Product and the Employment Cost Index, which are released quarterly (See below). All economic indicators are released in pairs. The first number eflects the latest period. The second number is the revised figure for the month prior to the latest period. For instance, in July, economic data is released for the month of June, the latest period. In addition, the release includes the revision of the same economic indicator figure for the month of May. The reason for the revision is that the department in charge of economic statistics compilation is in a better position to gather more information in a month's time. This feature is important for traders. If the figure for an economic indicator is better than expected by 0.4% for the past month, but the previous month's number is revised lower by 0.4%, then traders can draw a justified conclusion about the economy’s situation.

Economic indicators are released at different times. In the United States, economic data is generally released at 8:30 and 10 AM ET. It is important to remember that the most significant data for foreign exchange is released at 8:30 AM ET. In order to allow time for last-minute adjustments, the United States currency futures markets open at 8:20 AM ET. Sources of information. Information on upcoming economic indicators is published in all leading newspapers, such as the Wall Street Journal, the Financial Times, and the New York Times; and business magazines, such as Business Week. More often than not, traders use the monitor sources—Bridge Information Systems, Reuters, or Bloomberg — to gather information both from news publications and from the sources' own up-to-date information. Separate groups of fundamental indicators are considered below in accordance with a generally accepted classification.

Economic indicators

The Gross National Product (GNP) measures the economic performance of the whole economy. This indicator consists, at macro scale, of the sum of consumption spending, investment spending, government spending, and net trade. The gross national product refers to the sum of all goods and services produced by United States residents, either in the United States or abroad. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) refers to the sum of all goods and services produced in the United States, either by domestic or foreign companies. The differences are nominal in the case of the economy of the United States. GDP figures are more popular outside the United States. In order to make it easier to compare the performances of different economies, the United States also releases GDP figures. Consumption Spending is made possible by personal income and discretionary income. The decision by consumers to spend or to save is psychological in nature. Consumer confidence is also measured as an important indicator of the propensity of consumers who have discretionary income to switch from saving to buying.

Investment (or gross private domestic) Spending consists of fixed investment and inventories. Government Spending is very influential in terms of both sheer size and its impact on other economic indicators, due to special expenditures. For instance, United States military expenditures had a significant role in total U.S. employment until 1990. The defense cuts that occurred at the time increased unemployment figures in the short run. Net Trade is another major component of the GNP. Worldwide Internationalization and the economic and political developments since 1980 have had a sharp impact on the United States' ability to compete overseas. The U.S. trade deficit of the past decades has slowed down the overall GNP. GNP can be approached in two ways: flow of product and flow of cost.

Industrial sector indicators
Industrial Production indicator consists of the total output of a nation's plants, utilities, and mines. From a fundamental point of view, it is an important economic indicator that reflects the strength of the economy, and by extrapolation, the strength of a specific currency. Therefore, foreign exchange traders use this economic indicator as a potential trading signal. Capacity utilization indicator consists of total industrial output divided by total production capability. The term refers to the maximum level of output a plant can generate under normal business conditions. In general, capacity utilization is not a major economic indicator for the foreign exchange market. However, there are instances when its economic implications are useful for fundamental analysis. A "normal" figure for a steady economy is 81.5 percent. If the figure reads 85 percent or more, the data suggests that the industrial production is overheating, that the economy is close to full capacity. High capacity utilization rates precede inflation, and expectation in the foreign exchange market is that the central bank will raise interest rates in order to avoid or fight inflation.

Factory orders refer to the total of durable and nondurable goods orders. Nondurable goods consist of food, clothing, light industrial products, and products designed for the maintenance of durable goods. Durable goods orders are discussed separately. The factory orders indicator has limited significance for foreign exchange traders. Durable goods orders consist of products with a life span of more than three years. Examples of durable goods are autos, appliances, furniture, jewelry, and toys. They are divided into four major categories: primary metals, machinery, electrical machinery, and transportation. In order to eliminate the volatility pertinent to large military orders, the indicator includes a breakdown of the orders between defense and non-defense. This data is fairly important to foreign exchange markets because it gives a good indication of consumer confidence. Because durable goods cost more than nondurable, a high number in this indicator shows consumers' propensity to spend.

Therefore, a good figure is generally bullish for the domestic currency. Business inventories consist of items produced and held for future sale. The compilation of this information is facile and holds little surprise for the market. Moreover, financial management and computerization help control business inventories in unprecedented ways. Therefore, the importance of this indicator for foreign exchange traders is limited. Business inventories consist of items produced and held for future sale. The compilation of this information is facile and holds little surprise for the market. Moreover, financial management and computerization help control business inventories in unprecedented ways. Therefore, the importance of this indicator for foreign exchange traders is limited.

Construction Data

Construction indicators constitute a significant group that is included in the calculation of the GDP of the United States. Moreover, housing has traditionally been the engine that pulled the U.S. economy out of recessions as it did after World War II. These indicators are classified into three major categories:
1. housing starts and permits
2. new and existing one-family home sales; and
3. construction spending.

Construction indicators are cyclical and very sensitive to the level of interest rates (and consequently mortgage rates) and the level of disposable income. Low interest rates alone may not be able to generate a high demand for housing, though. As the situation in the early 1990s demonstrated, despite historically low mortgage rates in the United States, housing increased only marginally, as a result of the lack of job security in a weak economy. For example, in spite of the 2000 – 2001 recession, the cost of houses in California hardly decreased. Housing starts between one and a half and two million units reflect a strong economy, whereas a figure of approximately one million units suggests that the economy is in recession.
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